Heisei period

The Diet building in Tokyo

Showa Emperor passed away in 1989 , the period became the Heisei.

The bubble economy business has happened by venture heat to a real estate and a bill in Japan.3% of consumption taxes were introduced.

The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake and the sarin subway attacks in Tokyo happened in 1995 and caused social uneasiness.
A consumption tax was raised in 5% in 1997.

Synchronized terrorist attacks case occurred in the United States in 2001.

In Japan, economic conditions improved temporarily by the uptrend of the export industry.
But instead of feeling of economic recovery in addition to some people , it was told that the arrival of the disparity society.

A Japanese biggest trading partner changed with Chinese financial development in China from the United States of America.

The world simultaneous depression has broken out with the trigger of an American subprime loan.
A sudden credit contraction occurred all over the world.

The Tohoku region Pacific Ocean coast earthquake occurs in Japan in 2011.
A tidal wave caused by this earthquake and Daiichi Fukushima nuclear power plant accident occurred.
Many people lost a house and a job and were in this way forced to life as an evacuee.

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Showa Period

It's called Showa Period in 1989 from 1926.

The depression which started after World War I does not recover.   It went into Showa and became severe.
Furthermore, the Great Depression occurred and social unrest increased increasingly.

This time had the strong power of the military authorities.
The military occupied Manchurian dogmatically and established Manchurian country and this caused the United States and repulsion of the U.K. and withdrew from the League of Nations.

The occurrence of events such as the May 15 Incident (1932)
and the February 26 Incident (1936) indicated that the shadow of war was creeping over the Japanese society of those days.
The China Incident broke out in 1937, and escalated into an all-out war as a matter of practice.

The Pacific War has started in 1941.

Japanese national living a war follows became painful.
The factory and traffic facilities are destroyed and even the productive power became weak.

In 1945, the Okinawa extinction of Japanese military.
Moreover after an atom bomb was dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan surrendered unconditionally.
 Japan was placed under control of General Headquarters (GHQ)

Japan pushed forward democratization after the war.
There was the Constitution of Japan in 1946.
The Treaty of Peace with Japan and Japan-US Security Treaty in 1951.

The industry of Japan progressed remarkably and made a superior product.

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Taisho period

It's called the Taisho period from 1912 to 1926.

The first constitution protection movement in 1913.(Taisho Democracy)
It's refers to movement initiated during the Taisho Period by Kokumin (the people) and political parties to protect constitutional government.
It grew by popular election law's passing through the assembly in 1925.

World War broke out in 1914.
Japan, based on the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, joined in World War I as a member of the Allies.
Industrial production increases sharply by great war special procurement, and Japan will be unprecedented prosperity.

The Siberia Intervention was conducted in 1918.
the Treaty of Versailles in 1919.

In the cultural aspect, while education spread, popular literature was announced briskly.
A movie, a record and radios spread and pleased people.

Japan economy after the First World War has become worse.
The Great Kanto Earthquake occurred in further 1923, and people became a very painful situation.

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Meiji period

It's called Meiji Period in 1912 from 1868.
The restoration government centered on the domains for overthrowing the shogunate expelled the former shogunate powers via the Boshin Civil War, and then established the new Meiji government.

New government introduced many European and American systems positively also as that of imperial prerogative.
And series of reform called the Meiji Restoration was carried out(Meiji ishin).
On April 6, 1868, the basic policies of the government were presented according to the Charter Oath of Five Articles.

In 1871, Haihan-chiken (abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures) finally abolished "han" domains, and the prefectural system was fully in place.
After the Meiji Restoration due to the proclamation of equality of all people, family system as a social system was dismantled and the age of samurai ended in effect.

The new Meiji government, established by the Restoration of Imperial Rule in Japan, adopted a policy to promote industries actively, under the slogan of "Fukoku-kyohei" (enriching the country and strengthening the military).

But there was also an opposite opinion to such new politics, and a rebellion also broke out.
However, the period of shizoku's military struggle against the government ended with the Seinan War in 1877.

In culture, new science, art and other cultural products were brought to Japan, and this state was called civilization and enlightenment.

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Edo period

It was called the Edo period from 1603 till 1867, and the government was put on Edo.
After Hideyoshi's death, when Ieyasu Tokugawa defeated the Battle of Sekigahara and power was held, he started the government to Edo, and he ruined Mr. Toyotomi with Osaka's role.
In 1603, Ieyasu Tokugawa who became a generalissimo shogun started the Edo Shogunate.

I was going to build up a mechanism of the national rule by the samurai to a strong mosquito more.

The personnel was reshuffled so that it might obstruct each other's 250 or so whole country daimyo.

The Laws for the Military Houses were made, the daimyo and the samurai were controlled, or the structure of the daimyo's alternate-year residence in Edo was built, and many daimyos' power was suppressed.

The Shogunate had large territories of a quarter of the whole country.
Main city and mine were also ruled and huge wealth was saved.

The shogunate feared the spread of the Christianity and becoming of politics instability, and closed the country.

Popular trade with a foreign country declined and was behind schedule in progress of the world.
On the other hand, peaceful will continue over 200 years within the country.

The class system of common people was the hierarchy of samurai, farmers, artisans, and merchants, called Shinokosho, and the samurai controlled the others.
The educational system in the Edo period was polarized, reflecting the hierarchy of samurai, farmers, artisans and merchants in Edo society.
It's because a life with a warrior was supported with the land tax a farmer puts in, that I was a farmer next to the warrior.
The farmer was forced to hard life.

On the other hand a craftsman and a merchant didn't receive farmer's severe control.
A samurai's command had to be followed absolutely after all.

But when business became increasingly popular, a merchant came to save big wealth gradually.
The merchant and the craftsman produced new townspeople's culture out of the life which became rich gradually.
Kabuki, Ukiyoe, a Novel, and Senryu can be said to be the typical thing.(Kasei culture)

The politics of a government is being stuck gradually.
The Kyoho Reforms, Reform of the Kansei era, the Tenpou Reforms, etc.   It was carried out one after another.
But neither succeeded.

Beside Japanese classical literature and European learning spread the voice that opposes the politics of the shogunate rose.

The perry fleet which arrived at Uraga in Japan in 1854 demanded the opening of a country.
The inside of Japan was in disorder.
And the Shogunate is overthrown by an effort of allied forces in Satsuma and Choushuu, and samurai government has ended.

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Azuchi-Momoyama period

The time when Nobunaga Oda and Hideyoshi Toyotomi were holding political power.
Because Hideyoshi built a castle in Momoyama in Fushimi (Kyoto-fu) in Azuchi (Shiga-ken) for Nobunaga.I get the name of the respective castles and say the Azuchi Momoyama period.

For about 30 years from Nobunaga's entering Kyoto (1568) to Hideyoshi's death (1598) or 1600 of the Battle of Sekigahara.

Nationwide military affairs unification advanced, and a separation of warriors and farmers, a fief of tax system(Kokudaka-sei) were established, and the shifts from the Middle Ages of the Japanese society to the early modern times were promoted.

Cultural in the temples and shrines and castle architecture , birth to many masterpieces in wall paintings ,and tea ceremony has been culminated.

Nobunaga is the daimyo who was using power at Owari (the part of Aichi-ken).
He suppressed the Tokai district and visited the capital in Kyoto and unified the whole country and was going to rule it.
But he matches Akechi Mitsuhide's rebellion in Honno-ji in 1582 and was killed.
It is Hideyoshi Toyotomi to have accomplished national unification following a trace of this Nobunaga.

Moreover he tried also to dispatch troops to Korea and subjugate by the momentum which suppressed the whole country.
(The invasion of the Asian continent and the dispatch of troops to Korea finished upon Hideyoshi's death.)

Hideyoshi was in 1586 appointed as grand minister of state and chief adviser to the Emperor, and was given the surname Toyotomi(He had born the name of Hideyoshi Hashiba before it.) by the Emperor; in 1590 he unified Japan and endeavored to stabilize his government by conducting land surveys and sword hunts throughout the country.
For example it became impossible that a farmer leaves and sells the land freely by survey.
On the other hand, much land tax assigned.

It becomes impossible for the farmer who took up arms by confiscation of arms to resist the samurai in addition.

Hideyoshi ordered to make all samurai live in a castle town.
There were a case that this makes the castle town wonderful and a purpose of preventing a warrior of low birth becoming same with a farmer and causing a riot.
The samurai and the farmer were distinguished clearly.

The culture prospered around a castle.
Hideyoshi liked to be showy.
Therefore it was gorgeous, and carefree culture spread out.
Become a flourishing relationship with the West , various rare culture also was imported .
The tea ceremony and the Noh play which prospered at the Muromachi period spread also to the general public.

As for war of the long time being over, and people having become able to live in peace
It may be said that it became the cause to produce culture of such Azuchi, Momoyama period.

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Sengoku period

The time of the latter term of the 16th century from the latter term of the 15th century is called the Sengoku period.
The power of the Muromachi Shogunate was completely lost by the warlike age.

Sengoku period, from when to when and, there are various opinions and the done one is difficult.
It is said that it is till 1615 when Ieyasu Tokugawa started the government and ruined the Toyotomi family from 1467 which generally had the Onin War.

They gradually destroy the Middle Ages dominance system , intensified the independence of in various places , such as determining the minute national law.
Ruled fief developed into an area state, and area states stood side by side in a various part of Japan.
This domination system is called daimyo-ryogoku system.
As for many of the problems between an area nation the solution was planned by military power.

The force of the self-territory was organized strong, and Oda Nobunaga who appeared in the middle in the 16th century was magnifying a rule area with warrior-peasant separation rapidly.
Agronomic performance improved as well as circulation in the area state developed.
A city was formed in each place rapidly.

Trade with Europe (Nanban boeki) has been begun.
Nanbanboeki indicates trade that was carried on between merchants in Japan and those in Spain or Portugal during the era from around the middle of sixteenth century to the early seventeenth century.
From then till the first half of the 17th century (the early Edo period), people frequently came and went between Japan and Spain through propagation of Christianity (Christian) and trade (with Spain and Portugal), which had an impact on Japanese culture including housing, food and clothing, and its world view.
The gun was introduced into Tanegashima in 1543.
It had big influence on tactics till then and religion idea of Japan.
Francisco Javier has begun to visit Japan in Japan and propagate in 1549.


It'll be expected to open it later about the conflict which occurred at a various part of Japan.

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Muromachi period

It is called the Muromachi period from around the 14th century until the 16th century.
Shogunate was placed in Kyoto Muromachi.

In addition, the view over the period of the Muromachi period has more than one.
It is two of the followings when it roughly divides.

1.While the Muromachi shogunate exists (Period of Northern and Southern Courts/the ages of      wars is included)
2.It is the Period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties about the time when two Emperor    existed.
 The time a quarrel of the North and South Dynasties ends and when power of the Shogunate is  failing, Muromachi period.
 The time when the power of the Muromachi government weakened, stop having reached to rural  areas, and argument occurred frequently in various places is called Age of Civil Wars.

Over about 60 years, the Muromachi government (Northern Dynasty) fought with the Southern Dynasty, and was reconciled.
This time of the force of the Muromachi Shogunate when was the strongest.

The Kinkakuji Temple (formally Rokuon-ji) was built in Kitayama in Kyoto in 1397.
kangou trade started in 1404, and the Shogunate made the huge profit.

On the other hand, it has large land, and it was impossible to be able to finish suppressing power of the provincial warlord followed by many retainers by a general's power.
Therefore the fight with a general and the feudal lord often happened.
 in 1467, the Onin War started centering on Kyoto and the fall of a general's power was shown.
A daimyo of the all over Japan was divided into two, and this revolt was continued for 11 years.
The daimyo of each place fought in each other to open a territory more.

In this way, the time when it is devoted to a battle will continue 100 or so years.

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Northern and Southern Courts

It is called Period of Northern and Southern Courts around the 14th century.

Emperor Godaigo pushed in Takauji slipped out of Kyoto, seeing spare time, moved to Yoshino (Nara), and appointed the Imperial Palace.

As a result, the Emperor (Southern Dynasty) of Yoshino, the Emperor (Northern Dynasty) of Kyoto which Takauji built, and two Emperor were able to do it.

Two Emperor continued fighting for about 60 years.
This era is call with Period of Northern and Southern Courts.
But actually,it is not the battle between two Emperor called the Southern Dynasty and the Northern Dynasty.

In other words,It was a battle of the new power in which the old power and samurai government led by the Emperor that it will return to Imperial Court politics are promoted.

Ashikaga Takauji was a Shogun in 1338, and the Shogunate was opened.
And the Shogunate developed force.
Contrary to it,Nitta Yoshisada and Kitabatake Akiie have been killed in a battle one after another at a way of the Southern Court.
Emperor Godaigo also passed away in Yoshino and the Southern Dynasty declined.

The samurai and Shugo increased force under cover of a fight of the north and south Dynasty.

Ashikaga thought it was reconciled with the Southern Court to suppress a warrior and Syugo.
Reconciliation of the Northern and Southern Dynasties was materialized in 1392.

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Kamakura period

It was called the Kamakura period around from the end of the 12th century till the 14th century time.
The time when the government was assigned in Kamakura is pointed out.

The central Imperial Court government and the military government in Kanto coexisted.

Yoritomo Minamotono became a generalissimo shogun and started the Kamakura shogunate.
After Genji perished in three generation, the Hojo family became regency and moved politics.
There were Mongol invasions of a midway, 2 degrees this was removed.

In 1221, Gotoba Joko who was performing the cloister government by the Emperor of Kyoto issued the command which tries to regain political real power to Emperor, and beats the Hojo family, and took up soldiers.
But, the Hojo family side breaks the army by the side of a retired emperor.

Gotoba Joko was made the island sink in Oki in Shimane Prefecture, and was banished.
But the Shogunate was destroyed by the Emperor Godaigo who gathered the family who held dissatisfaction in the Shogunate.
This conflict is called a revolt in Shokyu(1221).

By Hōjō Yasutoki these regent in 1232 , created the original to the new law the practice of samurai society , create a law that Goseibai Shikimoku , rights and obligations of Gokenin have been established.
This is the law that is different from the Ritsuryo law.

In culture, the cult of the Buddhism for a simple and forcible work or the public appeared.
From this time, power of the politics moves from the Imperial Court to the Shogunate, and it is the times of the military administration.

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Heian period

It was called Heian period until around 12 the end of century from about 8 the end of century.
About 390 years after Emperor Kammu moves a capital to Heiankyo (Kyoto) in 794 until the Kamakura shogunate is materialized are pointed out.
Since Heiankyo set to Kyoto was the only center politically until the Kamakura shogunate was materialized, the Heian period is called.

The centralized government based on the ritsuryo legal codes from the Nara period was fundamentally inherited the first half of Heian, though a partial correction was added.

But the system of the ritsuryo legal codes and actual deviation became large.
In order that the government may secure tax revenues from the end of the 9th century at the beginning time of the 10th century, the rule organization classified by person which was the foundations of the system of the ritsuryo legal codes was changed.
The change of policy was greatly carried out to the rule organization which imposes a tax for land.

The military class of nobles and the low-class public servant layer where was specialized in military arts where military police authority was transferred by the nation also grew up as a samurai.

Politics was steady in a central political world because of the reduction of an excessive load of the transfer of a national authority and centralization by this.

Saicho returns Japan and opens the Tendai Buddhist Denomination in 805.
Kukai returns Japan and tells Shingonshu in 806.
The last official envoy to Tang left for Tang in 838.
"Tale of Genji" by Shikibu Murasaki in 1011.

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Nara period

From the beginning of the 8th century to an end, it was called the Nara period.
The formation and deepening of the legal codes national polity were planned.

The legal codes nation of this time kept the people under control in a family register and a taxation register.

Japan often sent a Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty China and took culture in a continent such as the Tang in.
Buddhism-like culture prospered.
A historiography and the oldest literature for the in existence like the Kojiki(Records of Ancient Matters), Nohonshoki(Chronicles of Japan), and Manyoshu(the oldest anthology of Tanka), etc. appeared.

Sanze Isshin Law was enacted in 723.
The statute which accepted possession of land with a time limit.
The latifundism in this way developed.
And It was more advanced by Konden Einen Shizai Law(743).
But the person who could reclaim actually was an aristocrat and a local powerful family of shrines and temples.

Introduction of the So-Yo-Cho tax system.
So-Yo-Cho in Japan was a system modeled after China's.
The situation of Japan was taken into consideration, and it was reformed in the style of Japan and introduced.

The capital was transfered to Heiankyo in Kyoto in 794. 

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Asuka period

It's called in the Asuka period from the second half in the 6th century to the beginning in the 8th century.
It is called the Asuka period from opening the base of the royal prerogative of Yamato in Asuka.
It is to have changed the country name to Japan from Wa ( Yamato ) in this period.

The end of sixth century
Sui unified China after an interval of 400 years.
Of the political power of East Asia countries centralized.

The early seventh century
701 years Taiho Code enacted(National Basic Code of the time)
710 years It transfered the capital to Heijokyo in Nara.

Even in Wa Suiko and its Oiumayato-o(Prince Shotoku),Minister of Soga no Umako was concentration of power is grave become a center.

From reflection of the first envoy to the Sui Dynasty dispatch, government reform was carried out.
But there was resistance of a powerful family and concentration of power didn't work.


Imoko Onono was dispatched in the second envoys to the Sui Dynasty.

The Taika Reformation of the mid-seventh century was one of the movement of the power centralization and showed constant progress.
Second half of the seventh century , power centralized began proceed rapidly.
Tenmu who won the Jinshin War is thorough power intensive , tried to deification of the Emperor.

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Jomon period

It is approximately 3,000 years ago from (the B.C. 145th century) approximately 16,500 years ago when I say by the generation in Jomon period (the B.C. tenth century).
In world history is a period that corresponds to the Mesolithic or Neolithic.

Emergence of earthenware,shell mount(Kaiduka) and spread of pit house,It is thought with a characteristic of this time.

Japanese people made Jomon ware(Jomonshiki Doki).
The Japanese came to continue living in the same house(Tateanashiki Jukyo).

Bow and arrow was invented,
Hunting using the bow and arrow,fishing and Vegetable extraction.
Various kinds of polished stone tools were made.

I had no status and discrimination and also had no differences in the rich and poor because a graveyard was common.

The Old Stone Age continued in the South-West Islands in the first half of this time, but I shifted for the shell mound era after approximately 6,000 years ago and quite continued until last years in the Heian era.

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Tumulus period

It's called the tumulus period during the 3rd century from the second half to around 7th century.

Tomb has spread rapidly around the archipelago.
Especially famous is the Japanese keyhole-shaped tomb.

It is thought that I express that the local politics group which stood side by side in the various parts of Japan rallies it and formed Yamato sovereignty.

The 4th century second half
YAMATO royal authority made rule of a chain of islands body hard.

Start foray into the Korean Peninsula in search of iron resources , which is a raw material of arms and farming tools.
And also began to intervene in international relations of the peninsula countries.
Korea and Chinese technology and cultural relics has flowed to Wa as a trigger this.

Buddhism transmission.(538)
It becomes Prince Shotoku regent.(593)

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Paleolith period

History of mankind that has been confirmed in Japan I go back up to about 10 million years ago.

The Japanese Islands more than 10,000 years ago became not separated by water with the Asian Continent.
A knife-shaped stone implement was used widely in whole chain of islands.
But this knife type stone has not been excavated in Hokkaido.

It is indicated that there was some kind of faith in the Old Stone Age because thing 4,000 years before approximately 20,000 and seen kokeshi doll-shaped Gangu were excavated from Iwato remains.

Time about 12,000 years ago,When a glacial epoch was over, and a rise in sea level by the sudden warming began, the Japanese Islands separated from the Asian Continent,
In this way, it changed big into the culture and life of people

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Yayoi period

It is called the Yayoi period from the 9th century BC around until around the third century.
The periodization name comes from earthenware in the Yayoi Period seen characteristically at this time.

The waterfield rice agriculture starts in this age and the farming society is approved.
A lot of local population has been formed.
Transmission of the bronze ware.

Head of large local population is seen to have entered a special grave , it is believed to be a manifestation of the identity difference was beginning to occur.

A large-scale group associated with China and traded.
It was called Wa or Wakoku from China.

Men was not a king , but the domestic mid of two centuries has been greatly disturbed.
After village nations continued being at war, Himiko became Queen.
A quarrel made the organization like the union and went away.

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Periodization

• Paleolith period
• Jomon period
• Yayoi period
• Tumulus period
• Asuka period
• Nara period
• Heian period
• Kamakura period
• Northern and Southern Courts period
• Muromachi period
• Sengoku period
• Azuchi-Momoyama period
• Edo period
• Meiji period
• Taisho period
• Showa period
• Heisei period

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